ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of astrocyte exosomes on hypoxic-ischemic neurons.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat astrocytes were cultured in vitro, and differential centrifugation was used to obtain the exosomes from the cell supernatant. Transmission electron microscopy, Nanosight, and Western blot were used for the identification of exosomes. BCA method was used to measure the concentration of exosomes. Rat neurons were cultured in vitro and then divided into control group, exosome group, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) group, and OGD+exosome group (n=3 each). The OGD and OGD+exosome groups were cultured in glucose-free medium under the hypoxic condition. The exosome and OGD+exosome groups were treated with exosomes at a final concentration of 22 μg/mL. The control and OGD groups were given an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline. ELISA was used to measure the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in neurons. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to measure the apoptotic index of neurons.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The identification of exosomes showed that the exosomes extracted by differential centrifugation had the features of exosomes. Compared with the control and exosome groups, the OGD group had significant increases in LDH level and apoptotic index (P<0.05). Compared with the OGD group, the OGD+exosome group had significant reductions in LDH level and apoptotic index (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The exosomes from astrocytes have a protective effect on neurons with hypoxic-ischemic injury.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Apoptosis , Astrocytes , Physiology , Cell Hypoxia , Cells, Cultured , Exosomes , Physiology , Glucose , Hydro-Lyases , Neuroprotection , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the current status of the application of H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and to describe the trend of research in the field.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for English articles published up to January 10, 2018, with the combination of key words and MeSH terms. The articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Excel 2016, Bicomb 2.0, and VOSviewer1.6.6 were used to analyze the key words, to perform a cluster analysis of hot words, and to plot the knowledge map.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 66 articles were included, and 27 high-frequency key words were extracted. The results showed that H-MRS was mainly used in four directions of the clinical practice and scientific research on HIE. In clinical practice, H-MRS attracted wide attention as a clinical examination for HIE and a tool for prognostic evaluation; in scientific research, H-MRS was used in animal experiments and studies associated with mild hypothermia therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>As an auxiliary means of magnetic resonance imaging, H-MRS plays an important role in investigating the pathogenesis of neonatal HIE, improving existing therapies, and evaluating the prognosis of neonates with HIE.</p>